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Policy Learning with Observational Data

Susan Athey, Stefan Wager

arXiv 9 Feb 2017 · Mathematics — Statistics Theory

arXiv:1702.02896 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

In many areas, practitioners seek to use observational data to learn a treatment assignment policy that satisfies application-specific constraints, such as budget, fairness, simplicity, or other functional form constraints. For example, policies may be restricted to take the form of decision trees based on a limited set of easily observable individual characteristics. We propose a new approach to this problem motivated by the theory of semiparametrically efficient estimation. Our method can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection on observables and instrumental variables. Given a doubly robust estimator of the causal effect of assigning everyone to treatment, we develop an algorithm for choosing whom to treat, and establish strong guarantees for the asymptotic utilitarian regret of the resulting policy.

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1T. Kitagawa and A. Tetenov (2018) Who should be treated? Empirical welfare maximization methods for treatment choice1.000215100%
2V. Chernozhukov, J. C. Escanciano, H. Ichimura, W. K. Newey, and J.… (2016) Locally robust semiparametric estimation1.000144100%
3K. Hirano and J. R. Porter (2009) Asymptotics for statistical treatment rules1.00064100%
4V. Chernozhukov, D. Chetverikov, M. Demirer, E. Duflo, C. Hansen, W.… (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters1.00053100%
5J. Robins, A. Rotnitzky, and L. P. Zhao (1994) Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed0.84333100%
6P. L. Bartlett and S. Mendelson (2002) Rademacher and Gaussian complexities: Risk bounds and structural results0.81142100%
7D. A. Hirshberg and S. Wager (2018) Augmented minimax linear estimation0.81142100%
8C. F. Manski (2009) Identification for Prediction and Decision0.81142100%
9W. K. Newey (1994) The asymptotic variance of semiparametric estimators0.81142100%
10A. Swaminathan and T. Joachims (2015) Batch learning from logged bandit feedback through counterfactual risk minimization0.81142100%

Showing the top 10 of 100 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Policy Learning With Rare Outcomes1.000154
2Individualized Policy Evaluation and Learning under Clustered Network Interference1.00095
3Regret Analysis in Threshold Policy Design1.00093
4Locally Robust Policy Learning: Inequality, Inequality of Opportunity and Intergenerational Mobility1.00095
5Policy Learning with Observational Data : The Case of Hepatitis C Treatment for HIV/HCV Co-Infected Patients1.00083
6Data-Driven Policy Learning for Continuous Treatments1.00074
7Policy Learning with Adaptively Collected Data1.00053
8Nonparametric Uniform Inference in Binary Classification and Policy Values1.00053
92606.016591.00053
10Orthogonal Policy Learning Under Ambiguity0.964196