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Data-driven Policy Learning for Continuous Treatments

Chunrong Ai, Yue Fang, Haitian Xie

arXiv 4 Feb 2024 · Econometrics

arXiv:2402.02535 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

This paper studies policy learning for continuous treatments from observational data. Continuous treatments present more significant challenges than discrete ones because population welfare may need nonparametric estimation, and policy space may be infinite-dimensional and may satisfy shape restrictions. We propose to approximate the policy space with a sequence of finite-dimensional spaces and, for any given policy, obtain the empirical welfare by applying the kernel method. We consider two cases: known and unknown propensity scores. In the latter case, we allow for machine learning of the propensity score and modify the empirical welfare to account for the effect of machine learning. The learned policy maximizes the empirical welfare or the modified empirical welfare over the approximating space. In both cases, we modify the penalty algorithm proposed in \cite{mbakop2021model} to data-automate the tuning parameters (i.e., bandwidth and dimension of the approximating space) and establish an oracle inequality for the welfare regret.

Citation extraction

66
references
157
in-text mentions
66
distinct cited
4
self-citations
12,244
main-text words

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Mbakop, Eric and Tabord-Meehan, Max (2021) Model selection for treatment choice: Penalized welfare maximization1.000267100%
2Athey, Susan and Wager, Stefan (2021) Policy learning with observational data1.00074100%
3Kallus, Nathan and Zhou, Angela (2018) Policy evaluation and optimization with continuous treatments1.00073100%
4Colangelo, Kyle and Lee, Ying-Ying (2025) Double Debiased Machine Learning Nonparametric Inference with Continuous Treatments0.92843100%
5Kitagawa, Toru and Tetenov, Aleksey (2018) Who should be treated? empirical welfare maximization methods for treatment choice0.85516662%
6Flores, Carlos A and Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso and Gonzalez, Arturo an… (2012) Estimating the effects of length of exposure to instruction in a training program: The case of job corps0.73732100%
7Cattaneo, Matias D. and Feng, Yingjie and Shigida, Boris (2024) Uniform Estimation and Inference for Nonparametric Partitioning-Based M-Estimators0.6444250%
8Cattaneo, Matias D and Chandak, Rajita and Jansson, Michael and Ma,… (2024) Boundary adaptive local polynomial conditional density estimators0.6444250%
9Manski, Charles F (2004) Statistical treatment rules for heterogeneous populations0.64422100%
10Zhou, Zhengyuan and Athey, Susan and Wager, Stefan (2023) Offline multi-action policy learning: Generalization and optimization0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 66 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Semiparametric Efficiency in Policy Learning with General Treatments0.73733
2Policy Learning under Endogeneity Using Instrumental Variables0.40511
3Statistical Inference of Optimal Allocations 1: Regularities and their Implications0.40511
4Who With Whom? Learning Optimal Matching Policies0.40511
5Double Machine Learning of Continuous Treatment Effects with General Instrumental Variables0.40511
62606.016590.40511
7Wasserstein Policy Learning for Distributional Outcomes0.40511