Patrick Kline, Evan K. Rose, Christopher R. Walters
arXiv 22 Jun 2023 · Econometrics · publishedAmerican Economic Review (2024) · 15 citations (OpenAlex)
arXiv:2306.13005 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text
We develop an Empirical Bayes grading scheme that balances the informativeness of the assigned grades against the expected frequency of ranking errors. Applying the method to a massive correspondence experiment, we grade the racial biases of 97 U.S. employers. A four-grade ranking limits the chances that a randomly selected pair of firms is mis-ranked to 5% while explaining nearly half of the variation in firms' racial contact gaps. The grades are presented alongside measures of uncertainty about each firm's contact gap in an accessible rubric that is easily adapted to other settings where ranks and levels are of simultaneous interest.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Patrick Kline, Evan K Rose \ Christopher R Walters (2022) Systemic discrimination among large US employers self | 1.000 | 7 | 5 | 100% |
| 2 | Marianne Bertrand \ Sendhil Mullainathan (2004) Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination | 0.928 | 5 | 3 | 80% |
| 3 | Bradley Efron (2016) Empirical Bayes deconvolution estimates | 0.928 | 4 | 3 | 100% |
| 4 | Marquis de Condorcet Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions | 0.737 | 3 | 2 | 100% |
| 5 | H Peyton Young (1986) Optimal ranking and choice from pairwise comparisons | 0.737 | 3 | 2 | 100% |
| 6 | Yoav Benjamini \ Yosef Hochberg (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 7 | Clémence Berson, Morgane Laouenan \ Emmanuel Valat (2020) Outsourcing recruitment as a solution to prevent discrimination: A correspondence study | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 8 | JC de Borda Mémoire sur les élections au scrutin | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 9 | Laetitia Challe, Sylvain Chareyron, Yannick L'horty \ Pascale Petit (2022) The effect of pro diversity actions on discrimination in the recruitment of large companies: a field experiment | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 10 | Maurice G Kendall (1938) A new measure of rank correlation | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 63 scored citations.
arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.
| Citing paper | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Empirical Bayes When Estimation Precision Predicts Parameters | 0.811 | 4 | 2 |
| 2 | Compound Estimation for Binomials | 0.811 | 4 | 2 |
| 3 | A model of multiple hypothesis testing | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | 2306.13681 | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | Quasi-Bayes in Latent Variable Models | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Optimal Policy Choices Under Uncertainty | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 7 | 2cm Large-Scale Estimation under Unknown Heteroskedasticity | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 8 | Reasonable uncertainty: Confidence intervals in empirical Bayes discrimination detection | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 9 | Tweedie Calculus | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Nonparametric Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |