Jiaying Gu, Nikolaos Ignatiadis, Azeem M. Shaikh
arXiv 18 Aug 2025 · Econometrics
arXiv:2508.13110 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text
We revisit empirical Bayes discrimination detection, focusing on uncertainty arising from both partial identification and sampling variability. While prior work has mostly focused on partial identification, we find that some empirical findings are not robust to sampling uncertainty. To better connect statistical evidence to the magnitude of real-world discriminatory behavior, we propose a counterfactual odds-ratio estimand with a attractive properties and interpretation. Our analysis reveals the importance of careful attention to uncertainty quantification and downstream goals in empirical Bayes analyses.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kline and Walters (2021) Reasonable Doubt: Experimental Detection of Job-level Employment Discrimination | 1.000 | 27 | 5 | 100% |
| 2 | Ignatiadis and Wager (2022) Confidence intervals for nonparametric empirical Bayes analysis | 1.000 | 9 | 5 | 100% |
| 3 | Arceo-Gomez and Campos-Vazquez (2014) Race and Marriage in the Labor Market: A Discrimination Correspondence Study in a Developing Country | 0.843 | 3 | 3 | 100% |
| 4 | Fang, Santos, Shaikh, and Torgovitsky (2023) Inference for Large-Scale Linear Systems With Known Coefficients | 0.737 | 3 | 2 | 100% |
| 5 | Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004) Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 6 | Chernozhukov, Newey, and Santos (2023) Constrained Conditional Moment Restriction Models | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 7 | Efron (2019) Bayes, Oracle Bayes and Empirical Bayes | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 8 | Robbins (1956) An Empirical Bayes Approach to Statistics | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 9 | Metcalfe, Sollaci, and Syverson (2023) Managers and Productivity in Retail | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 10 | Anderson (1969) Confidence Limits for the Expected Value of an Arbitrary Bounded Random Variable with a Continuous Distribution Function | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 38 scored citations.
arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.
| Citing paper | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Compound Estimation for Binomials | 0.405 | 1 | 1 |