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Deep Learning for Individual Heterogeneity

Max H. Farrell, Tengyuan Liang, Sanjog Misra

arXiv 28 Oct 2020 · Econometrics · 7 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2010.14694 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

This paper integrates deep neural networks (DNNs) into structural economic models to increase flexibility and capture rich heterogeneity while preserving interpretability. Economic structure and machine learning are complements in empirical modeling, not substitutes: DNNs provide the capacity to learn complex, non-linear heterogeneity patterns, while the structural model ensures the estimates remain interpretable and suitable for decision making and policy analysis. We start with a standard parametric structural model and then enrich its parameters into fully flexible functions of observables, which are estimated using a particular DNN architecture whose structure reflects the economic model. We illustrate our framework by studying demand estimation in consumer choice. We show that by enriching a standard demand model we can capture rich heterogeneity, and further, exploit this heterogeneity to create a personalized pricing strategy. This type of optimization is not possible without economic structure, but cannot be heterogeneous without machine learning. Finally, we provide theoretical justification of each step in our proposed methodology. We first establish non-asymptotic bounds and convergence rates of our structural deep learning approach. Next, a novel and quite general influence function calculation allows for feasible inference via double machine learning in a wide variety of contexts. These results may be of interest in many other contexts, as they generalize prior work.

Citation extraction

126
references
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in-text mentions
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distinct cited
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Bertrand, Marianne, Dean Karlan, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir,… (2010) What's advertising content worth? Evidence from a consumer credit marketing field experiment1.00073100%
2Athey, Susan, Julie Tibshirani, and Stefan Wager (2019) Generalized random forests0.9507386%
3Foster, Dylan J and Vasilis Syrgkanis (2023) Orthogonal statistical learning0.9416483%
4Chernozhukov, Victor, Denis Chetverikov, Mert Demirer, Esther Duflo,… (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters0.89414671%
5Chernozhukov, Victor, Juan Carlos Escanciano, Hidehiko Ichimura, Whi… (2022) Locally Robust Semiparametric Estimation0.87472100%
6Belloni, Alexandre, Victor Chernozhukov, and Christian Hansen (2014) Inference on Treatment Effects after Selection Amongst High-Dimensional Controls0.8434375%
7Farrell, Max H (2015) Robust Inference on Average Treatment Effects with Possibly More Covariates than Observations self0.8435460%
8Farrell, Max H., Tengyuan Liang, and Sanjog Misra (2021) Deep Neural Networks for Estimation and Inference self0.74417541%
9Chen, Xiaohong (2007) Large Sample Sieve Estimation of Semi-Nonparametric Models0.73732100%
10Newey, Whitney K (1994) The Asymptotic Variance of Semiparametric Estimators0.6597429%

Showing the top 10 of 126 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Coarse Personalization0.64422