Daniel Czarnowske, Amrei Stammann
arXiv 11 Jul 2026 · Econometrics
arXiv:2607.10246 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text
We derive the asymptotic properties of two-way fixed effects M-estimators with missing observations in an asymptotic framework in which the numbers of cross-sectional units and time periods grow jointly. We allow the selection process to be deterministic (conditional on the unobserved effects and initial conditions), stochastic, or mixed, and we impose only a conditional mean restriction. The uncorrected estimators are asymptotically normal but not centered at zero, suffering from incidental parameter and feedback biases. Feedback bias can be induced by predetermined regressors in the outcome equation and by a predetermined selection process. We propose debiased estimators that handle both sources without requiring knowledge of which regressors or selection components are predetermined.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Iván Fernández-Val and Martin Weidner (2016) Individual and Time Effects in Nonlinear Panel Models with Large N, T | 0.944 | 25 | 6 | 84% |
| 2 | Ayden Higgins (2026) Jackknife Inference for Fixed Effects Models | 0.874 | 6 | 2 | 100% |
| 3 | Nickell, Stephen (1981) Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 4 | Daniel Czarnowske and Amrei Stammann (2026) (Debiased) Inference for Fixed Effects Estimators with Three-Dimensional Panel and Network Data self | 0.511 | 5 | 2 | 20% |
| 5 | Geert Dhaene and Koen Jochmans (2015) Split-Panel Jackknife Estimation of Fixed-Effect Models | 0.511 | 2 | 1 | 100% |
| 6 | Jinyong Hahn and Guido Kuersteiner (2011) Bias Reduction for Dynamic Nonlinear Panel Models with Fixed Effects | 0.511 | 2 | 1 | 100% |
| 7 | M. S. Bartlett (1953) Approximate Confidence Intervals. II. More than one Unknown Parameter | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 8 | Bonhomme, Stephane (2025) Back to feedback: Dynamics and heterogeneity in panel data | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 9 | Czarnowske, Daniel and Stammann, Amrei (2026) Inference in unbalanced panel data models with interactive fixed effects self | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 10 | Dzemski, Andreas (2019) An empirical model of dyadic link formation in a network with unobserved heterogeneity | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 28 scored citations.