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Causal Inference with Groupwise Matching

Ratzanyel Rincón, Kyungchul Song

arXiv 30 Oct 2025 · Econometrics

arXiv:2510.26106 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

This paper examines methods of causal inference based on groupwise matching when we observe multiple large groups of individuals over several periods. We formulate causal inference validity through a generalized matching condition, generalizing the parallel trend assumption in difference-in-differences designs. We show that difference-in-differences, synthetic control, and synthetic difference-in-differences designs are distinguished by the specific matching conditions that they invoke. Through regret analysis, we demonstrate that difference-in-differences and synthetic control with differencing are complementary; the former dominates the latter if and only if the latter's extrapolation error exceeds the former's matching error up to a term vanishing at the parametric rate. The analysis also reveals that synthetic control with differencing is equivalent to difference-in-differences when the parallel trend assumption holds for both the pre-treatment and post-treatment periods. We develop a statistical inference procedure based on synthetic control with differencing and present an empirical application demonstrating its usefulness.

Citation extraction

37
references
101
in-text mentions
37
distinct cited
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50,510
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Arkhangelsky, D., Athey, S., Hirshberg, D. A., Imbens, G. W. and Wag… (2021) Synthetic difference-in-differences0.69381100%
2Bohn, S., Lofstrom, M. and Raphael, S (2014) Did the 2007 legal arizona workers act reduce the state's unauthorized immigrant population?0.69381100%
3Chen, J (2023) Synthetic control as online linear regression0.69371100%
4Ferman, B. and Pinto, C (2021) Synthetic controls with imperfect pretreatment fit0.69361100%
5Sun, L. and Abraham, S (2021) Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects0.69351100%
6Sun, Y., Xie, H. and Zhang, Y (2025) Difference-in-differences meets synthetic control: Doubly robust identification and estimation0.69351100%
7Callaway, B. and Sant'Anna, P. H (2021) Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods0.64415180%
8de Chaisemartin, C. and D'Haultfœuille, X (2020) Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects0.64441100%
9Doudchenko, N. and Imbens, G. W (2017) Balancing, regression, difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods: A synthesis0.58531100%
10Roth, J., Sant'Anna, P. H., Bilinski, A. and Poe, J (2023) What's trending in difference-in-differences? a synthesis of the recent econometrics literature0.58531100%

Showing the top 10 of 37 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Synthetic Parallel Trends0.58531
2Beyond Parallel Trends: An Identification-Strategy-Robust Approach to Causal Inference with Panel Data0.40511