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Optimal Post-Hoc Theorizing

Andrew Y. Chen

arXiv 15 May 2025 · Econometrics

arXiv:2505.10370 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

For many economic questions, the empirical results are not interesting unless they are strong. For these questions, theorizing before the results are known is not always optimal. Instead, the optimal sequencing of theory and empirics trades off a “Darwinian Learning” effect from theorizing first with a “Statistical Learning” effect from examining the data first. This short paper formalizes the tradeoff in a Bayesian model. In the modern era of mature economic theory and enormous datasets, I argue that post hoc theorizing is typically optimal.

Citation extraction

40
references
64
in-text mentions
40
distinct cited
5
self-citations
6,413
main-text words

appendix boundary found by appendix_command · 92% of the source is main text. Read the extracted text to check this.

Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Maher, Patrick (1988) Prediction, accommodation, and the logic of discovery1.00063100%
2Kahn, James A, Landsburg, Steven E, Stockman, Alan C (1996) The positive economics of methodology0.92843100%
3Kerr, Norbert L (1998) HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known0.73732100%
4Maher, Patrick (1990) How prediction enhances confirmation0.73732100%
5Abadie, Alberto (2020) Statistical nonsignificance in empirical economics0.64422100%
6Andrews, Isaiah, Kasy, Maximilian (2019) Identification of and correction for publication bias0.64422100%
7Barnes, Eric (1996) Discussion: Thoughts on Maher's predictivism0.64422100%
8Chen, Andrew Y, Zimmermann, Tom (2020) Publication bias and the cross-section of stock returns self0.64422100%
9Chen, Andrew Y, Zimmermann, Tom (2022) Publication Bias in Asset Pricing Research self0.64422100%
10Efron, Brad (2001) [statistical modeling: The two cultures]: Comment0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 40 scored citations.