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Estimation and Inference in Boundary Discontinuity Designs

Matias D. Cattaneo, Rocio Titiunik, Ruiqi Rae Yu

arXiv 8 May 2025 · Econometrics

arXiv:2505.05670 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

Boundary Discontinuity Designs are used to learn about treatment effects along a continuous boundary that splits units into control and treatment groups according to a bivariate score variable. These research designs are also called Multi-Score Regression Discontinuity Designs, a leading special case being Geographic Regression Discontinuity Designs. We study the statistical properties of commonly used local polynomial treatment effects estimators along the continuous treatment assignment boundary. We consider two distinct approaches: one based explicitly on the bivariate score variable for each unit, and the other based on their univariate distance to the boundary. For each approach, we present pointwise and uniform estimation and inference methods for the treatment effect function over the assignment boundary. Notably, we show that methods based on univariate distance to the boundary exhibit an irreducible large misspecification bias when the assignment boundary has kinks or other irregularities, making the distance-based approach unsuitable for empirical work in those settings. In contrast, methods based on the bivariate score variable do not suffer from that drawback. We illustrate our methods with an empirical application. Companion general-purpose software is provided.

Citation extraction

11
references
29
in-text mentions
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distinct cited
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self-citations
28,165
main-text words

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Matias D. Cattaneo and Ruiqi (Rae) Yu (2025) Strong approximations for empirical processes indexed by lipschitz functions self1.00064100%
2Aad W. van der Vaart and Jon A. Wellner (1996) Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes0.87482100%
3Victor Chernozhukov, Denis Chetverikov, and Kengo Kato Gaussian approximation of suprema of empirical processes0.64441100%
4Richard M Dudley (2014) Uniform central limit theorems, volume 1420.64422100%
5Matias D. Cattaneo, Rajita Chandak, Michael Jansson, and Xinwei Ma (2024) Boundary adaptive local polynomial conditional density estimators self0.51121100%
6Victor Chernozhukov, Denis Chetverikov, and Kengo Kato Anti-concentration and honest, adaptive confidence bands0.51121100%
7Evarist Giné and Richard Nickl (2016) Mathematical Foundations of Infinite-dimensional Statistical Models0.40511100%
8Victor Chernozhuokov, Denis Chetverikov, Kengo Kato, and Yuta Koike (2022) Improved central limit theorem and bootstrap approximations in high dimensions0.40511100%
9Herbert Federer (2014) Geometric measure theory0.40511100%
10G.B. Folland (2002) Advanced Calculus0.40511100%

Showing the top 10 of 11 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1rd2d: Causal Inference in Boundary Discontinuity Designs1.000115
2Local-Polynomial Estimation for Multivariate Regression Discontinuity Designs1.00053
3A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Extensions0.51121
4A Guide to Regression Discontinuity Designs in Medical Applications0.40511