Andrew Baker, Brantly Callaway, Scott Cunningham, Andrew Goodman-Bacon, Pedro H. C. Sant'Anna
arXiv 17 Mar 2025 · Econometrics · publishedJournal of Economic Literature (2026) · 13 citations (OpenAlex)
arXiv:2503.13323 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text
Difference-in-differences (DiD) is arguably the most popular quasi-experimental research design. Its canonical form, with two groups and two periods, is well-understood. However, empirical practices can be ad hoc when researchers go beyond that simple case. This article provides an organizing framework for discussing different types of DiD designs and their associated DiD estimators. It discusses covariates, weights, handling multiple periods, and staggered treatments. The organizational framework, however, applies to other extensions of DiD methods as well.
appendix boundary found by none_found · 100% of the source is main text. Read the extracted text to check this.
The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021) Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods | 1.000 | 19 | 3 | 100% |
| 2 | Sun and Abraham (2021) Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects | 1.000 | 11 | 4 | 100% |
| 3 | de Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2020) Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects | 1.000 | 11 | 4 | 100% |
| 4 | de Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille (2023) Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects | 1.000 | 7 | 3 | 100% |
| 5 | Roth, Sant'Anna, Bilinski and Poe (2023) What's Trending in Difference-in-Differences? A Synthesis of the Recent Econometrics Literature | 1.000 | 6 | 3 | 100% |
| 6 | Goodman-Bacon (2021) Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing self | 1.000 | 5 | 3 | 100% |
| 7 | Borgschulte and Vogler (2020) Did the ACA Medicaid expansion save lives? | 0.928 | 4 | 3 | 100% |
| 8 | Sant'Anna and Zhao (2020) Doubly Robust Difference-in-Differences Estimators | 0.874 | 12 | 2 | 100% |
| 9 | Borusyak, Jaravel and Spiess (2024) Revisiting Event Study Designs: Robust and Efficient Estimation | 0.874 | 9 | 2 | 100% |
| 10 | Rambachan and Roth (2023) A More Credible Approach to Parallel Trends | 0.874 | 7 | 2 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 129 scored citations.
arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.