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Matching for causal effects via multimarginal unbalanced optimal transport

Florian Gunsilius, Yuliang Xu

arXiv 8 Dec 2021 · Statistics — Methodology · 3 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2112.04398 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Matching on covariates is a well-established framework for estimating causal effects in observational studies. The principal challenge stems from the often high-dimensional structure of the problem. Many methods have been introduced to address this, with different advantages and drawbacks in computational and statistical performance as well as interpretability. This article introduces a natural optimal matching method based on multimarginal unbalanced optimal transport that possesses many useful properties in this regard. It provides interpretable weights based on the distance of matched individuals, can be efficiently implemented via the iterative proportional fitting procedure, and can match several treatment arms simultaneously. Importantly, the proposed method only selects good matches from either group, hence is competitive with the classical k-nearest neighbors approach in terms of bias and variance in finite samples. Moreover, we prove a central limit theorem for the empirical process of the potential functions of the optimal coupling in the unbalanced optimal transport problem with a fixed penalty term. This implies a parametric rate of convergence of the empirically obtained weights to the optimal weights in the population for a fixed penalty term.

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83
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Harchaoui, Liu \ Pal (2020) `Asymptotics of entropy-regularized optimal transport via chaos decomposition', arXiv preprint 2011.089631.00063100%
2Séjourné, Feydy, Vialard, Trouvé \ Peyré (2019) `Sinkhorn divergences for unbalanced optimal transport', arXiv preprint:1910.129580.87925568%
3Abadie \ Imbens (2006) `Large sample properties of matching estimators for average treatment effects', Econometrica 74(1), 235–2670.87452100%
4Imbens (2000) `The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions', Biometrika 87(3), 706–7100.87452100%
5Peyré \ Cuturi (2019) `Computational optimal transport', Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning 11(5-6), 355–6070.81142100%
6Abadie, Drukker, Herr \ Imbens (2004) `Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in STATA', The STATA journal 4(3), 290–3110.73732100%
7Carlier (2021) On the linear convergence of the multi-marginal Sinkhorn algorithm0.73732100%
8Chizat, Peyré, Schmitzer \ Vialard (2018) `Scaling algorithms for unbalanced optimal transport problems', Mathematics of Computation 87(314), 2563–26090.73732100%
9di Marino \ Gerolin (2020) `An optimal transport approach for the Schrödinger bridge problem and convergence of Sinkhorn algorithm', Journal of Scientific…0.73732100%
10Stuart (2010) `Matching methods for causal inference: A review and a look forward', Statistical Science 25(1), 10.73732100%

Showing the top 10 of 84 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1An econometrician's guide to optimal transport0.58531
2Estimating Functionals of the Joint Distribution of Potential Outcomes with Optimal Transport0.40511
3Inference in partially identified moment models via regularized optimal transport0.40511