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Causal mediation analysis with double machine learning

Helmut Farbmacher, Martin Huber, Lukáš Lafférs, Henrika Langen, Martin Spindler

arXiv 28 Feb 2020 · Econometrics · publishedEconometrics Journal (2022) · 15 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2002.12710 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

This paper combines causal mediation analysis with double machine learning to control for observed confounders in a data-driven way under a selection-on-observables assumption in a high-dimensional setting. We consider the average indirect effect of a binary treatment operating through an intermediate variable (or mediator) on the causal path between the treatment and the outcome, as well as the unmediated direct effect. Estimation is based on efficient score functions, which possess a multiple robustness property w.r.t. misspecifications of the outcome, mediator, and treatment models. This property is key for selecting these models by double machine learning, which is combined with data splitting to prevent overfitting in the estimation of the effects of interest. We demonstrate that the direct and indirect effect estimators are asymptotically normal and root-n consistent under specific regularity conditions and investigate the finite sample properties of the suggested methods in a simulation study when considering lasso as machine learner. We also provide an empirical application to the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, assessing the indirect effect of health insurance coverage on general health operating via routine checkups as mediator, as well as the direct effect. We find a moderate short term effect of health insurance coverage on general health which is, however, not mediated by routine checkups.

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63
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Chernozhukov, Chetverikov, Demirer, Duflo, Hansen, Newey, and Robins (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters1.000143100%
2Tchetgen Tchetgen and Shpitser (2012) Semiparametric theory for causal mediation analysis: Efficiency bounds, multiple robustness, and sensitivity analysis1.000136100%
3Pearl (2001) Direct and indirect effects1.00053100%
4Huber (2014) Identifying causal mechanisms (primarily) based on inverse probability weighting self0.73732100%
5Robins and Greenland (1992) Identifiability and Exchangeability for Direct and Indirect Effects0.73732100%
6Flores and Flores-Lagunes (2009) Identification and Estimation of Causal Mechanisms and Net Effects of a Treatment under Unconfoundedness0.64422100%
7Hong (2010) Ratio of mediator probability weighting for estimating natural direct and indirect effects0.64422100%
8Imai, Keele, and Yamamoto (2010) Identification, Inference and Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Mediation Effects0.64422100%
9Petersen, Sinisi, and van der Laan (2006) Estimation of Direct Causal Effects0.64422100%
10Robins, Rotnitzky, and Zhao (1994) Estimation of Regression Coefficients When Some Regressors Are not Always Observed0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 63 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Doubly Robust Estimation of Direct and Indirect Quantile Treatment Effects with Machine Learning0.94164
2Difference-in-differences for mediation analysis using double machine learning0.874162
3Balancing Weights for Causal Mediation Analysis0.64422
4Sequential kernel embedding for mediated and time-varying dose response curves0.51122
5Minimax Kernel Machine Learning for a Class of Doubly Robust Functionals with Application to Proximal Causal Inference0.40521
62012.003700.40511
7Anytime-Valid Inference for Double/Debiased Machine Learning of Causal Parameters0.40511
8Estimating Causal Effects with Double Machine Learning - A Method Evaluation0.00011
9A Unified Framework for Debiased Machine Learning: Riesz Representer Fitting under Bregman Divergence0.00011