Alberto Abadie, Susan Athey, Guido W. Imbens, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge
arXiv 6 Jun 2017 · Mathematics — Statistics Theory · 11 citations (OpenAlex)
arXiv:1706.01778 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text
Consider a researcher estimating the parameters of a regression function based on data for all 50 states in the United States or on data for all visits to a website. What is the interpretation of the estimated parameters and the standard errors? In practice, researchers typically assume that the sample is randomly drawn from a large population of interest and report standard errors that are designed to capture sampling variation. This is common even in applications where it is difficult to articulate what that population of interest is, and how it differs from the sample. In this article, we explore an alternative approach to inference, which is partly design-based. In a design-based setting, the values of some of the regressors can be manipulated, perhaps through a policy intervention. Design-based uncertainty emanates from lack of knowledge about the values that the regression outcome would have taken under alternative interventions. We derive standard errors that account for design-based uncertainty instead of, or in addition to, sampling-based uncertainty. We show that our standard errors in general are smaller than the usual infinite-population sampling-based standard errors and provide conditions under which they coincide.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Neyman, J. (1923/ (1923) On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments. essay on principles. section 9 | 1.000 | 9 | 3 | 100% |
| 2 | Manski, C. F. and J. V. Pepper (2018) How do right-to-carry laws affect crime rates? coping with ambiguity using bounded-variation assumptions | 0.928 | 4 | 3 | 100% |
| 3 | Imbens, G. W. and D. B. Rubin (2015) Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences self | 0.874 | 5 | 2 | 100% |
| 4 | Deaton, A (2010) Instruments, randomization, and learning about development | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 5 | Manski, C. F (2013) Public policy in an uncertain world: analysis and decisions | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 6 | Shadish, W. R., T. D. Cook, and D. T. Campbell (2002) Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 7 | Abadie, A., S. Athey, G. W. Imbens, and J. M. Wooldridge (2014) Finite population causal standard errors self | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 8 | Keels, M., G. J. Duncan, S. DeLuca, R. Mendenhall, and J. Rosenbaum (2005) Fifteen years later: Can residential mobility programs provide a long-term escape from neighborhood segregation, crime, and pove… | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 9 | Muralidharan, K. and P. Niehaus (2017) Experimentation at scale | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
| 10 | Freedman, D (2008) On regression adjustmens to experimental data | 0.585 | 3 | 1 | 100% |
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