arXiv 1 Oct 2026 · Statistics — Methodology
arXiv:2610.01654 · PDF · Extracted main text
Refreshment samples are the standard remedy for panel attrition, and the identification results behind them maintain that participation does not change measurement. We characterize what a refreshment sample identifies about panel conditioning, modelled as a deterministic monotone map at reinterview, when attrition is unrestricted. A candidate map is consistent with the data if and only if the retention-scaled distribution of the stayers' implied latent outcomes is setwise dominated by the refreshment distribution; every such map is rationalized by an explicit attrition process. Without attrition the map is identified on the latent-outcome support; with attrition, a density-ratio condition governs the identified set, and tail behaviour alone does not determine it. For an unrestricted map the survivors' mean effect has the familiar trimming bounds; for an item with all categories reported, the model reduces to a test of no conditioning. Within a cohort, other waves, dropout patterns and entry-wave items leave the set unchanged unless restrictions link selection across waves. Under explicit selection restrictions, survival matching, symmetric matching and entry-wave correction identify survivor effects. We derive their biases and give rank conditions under which refreshment schedules identify curvature in the conditioning path. A Japanese panel illustrates the results.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lee, David S (2009) Training, Wages, and Sample Selection: Estimating Sharp Bounds on Treatment Effects | 1.000 | 8 | 3 | 100% |
| 2 | Warren, John Robert, and Andrew Halpern-Manners (2012) Panel Conditioning in Longitudinal Social Science Surveys | 1.000 | 6 | 3 | 100% |
| 3 | Das, Marcel, Vera Toepoel, and Arthur van Soest (2011) Nonparametric Tests of Panel Conditioning and Attrition Bias in Panel Surveys | 0.987 | 26 | 7 | 96% |
| 4 | Halpern-Manners, Andrew, John Robert Warren, and Florencia Torche (2017) Panel Conditioning in the General Social Survey | 0.874 | 8 | 2 | 100% |
| 5 | Hirano, Keisuke, Guido W. Imbens, Geert Ridder, and Donald B. Rubin (2001) Combining Panel Data Sets with Attrition and Refreshment Samples | 0.874 | 6 | 2 | 100% |
| 6 | Bach, Ruben L (2018) A Methodological Framework for the Analysis of Panel Conditioning Effects | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 7 | Bailar, Barbara A (1975) The Effects of Rotation Group Bias on Estimates from Panel Surveys | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 8 | Deng, Yiting, D. Sunshine Hillygus, Jerome P. Reiter, Yajuan Si, and… (2013) Handling Attrition in Longitudinal Studies: The Case for Refreshment Samples | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 9 | Halpern-Manners, Andrew, and John Robert Warren (2012) Panel Conditioning in Longitudinal Studies: Evidence from Labor Force Items in the Current Population Survey | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
| 10 | Okubo, Shoki (2024) Identification Assumptions and Strategies for Panel Conditioning Bias based on Potential Outcomes Model: A Natural Experiment Ap… self | 0.811 | 4 | 2 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 33 scored citations.