An Adversarial Approach to Identification, Computation, and Inference in Models with a Linear-in-Measures Representation

Irene Botosaru, Isaac Loh, Chris Muris

arXiv 25 Sep 2026 · Econometrics

arXiv:2609.32076 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

We develop a framework for identification, computation, and inference in econometric models with a linear-in-measures representation. These models express maintained restrictions as moment conditions linear in the joint probability measure of observed and latent inputs, and map that measure linearly to the distribution of outputs, even with nonlinear outcome equations. We construct an adversarial discrepancy function whose zeros characterize the identified set for structural and counterfactual parameters. With finite output support, finite linear programs compute the discrepancy function or provide certified bounds even when latent inputs have infinite support, and a penalized bootstrap yields confidence sets with uniform per-point coverage. We apply the framework to two open cases in binary choice panels with fixed effects and discrete covariates: sequential exogeneity with unspecified conditional marginal error distributions, and known conditional marginal error distributions with unrestricted serial dependence. In an entry game with multiple equilibria, the framework recovers the known sharp identification region.

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