Panagiotis Mavridis, Anargyros Baklezos, Christos Nikolopoulos
arXiv 3 Sep 2026 · cs.CR
arXiv:2609.04356 · PDF · Extracted main text
This paper analyzes the implementation of blockchain-based integrity mechanisms in Greek Fiscal Electronic Mechanisms (FEMs) and the central tax information system eSEND. The study examines the cryptographic architecture of fiscal devices, including Electronic Cash Registers, Fiscal Printers, Fiscal Signing Machines, and FEMAS devices, which implement double or triple hash-chain structures to ensure transaction immutability. The transmission protocol between fiscal devices and the central database is also evaluated with respect to encryption, sequential validation, and blockchain verification. In contrast, the architecture of Electronic Invoicing Provider Services and the myDATA central platform is analyzed, highlighting the absence of blockchain-based integrity guarantees. The comparison demonstrates that hardware-based fiscal mechanisms provide stronger guarantees for transaction completeness and tamper resistance than purely software-based invoicing infrastructures. The findings highlight architectural weaknesses in the current e-invoicing framework and propose improvements for ensuring transaction integrity in digital tax ecosystems.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | D. Hantzigianni and P. Mavridis, “POL 1068/ (2015) Procedures for the Approval and Revocation of Fiscal Electronic Mechanisms,” self | 0.511 | 2 | 1 | 100% |
| 2 | K. Yent, “Applying Blockchain Technology to Cross-Border Tax Reporti… (2020) | 0.511 | 2 | 1 | 100% |
| 3 | M. Iansiti and K. R. Lakhani, “The Truth About Blockchain,” Harvard… (2017) | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 4 | “Council Directive (2006) /112/EC,” | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 5 | “Law 4308/ (2014) Greek Accounting Standards, related regulations, and other provisions,” | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 6 | P. Zafeiropoulos, “Completion of Technical Specifications of Fiscal… (2005) | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 7 | P. Mavridis, “POL 1220/ (2012) Codification and Completion of Technical Specifications of Fiscal Electronic Mechanisms,” self | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 8 | P. Mavridis, “A.1024/ (2020) Supplementary Technical Specifications of Communication and Encryption Protocol for the Transmission of Data to the FEM Informat… self | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 9 | N. Stefos, J. Roussos and P. Mavridis, “A.1173/ (2022) Amendment of the Technical Specifications of Fiscal Electronic Mechanisms,” self | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 10 | “SHA-1.” [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1 | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 25 scored citations.