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Illiquidity at Risk

Demetrio Lacava, Paolo Santucci de Magistris

arXiv 1 Sep 2026 · Finance — Risk Management

arXiv:2609.00943 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

Market efficiency relies fundamentally on stable liquidity. Consequently, forecasting liquidity dynamics is a priority for both investors and regulators. We introduce a new tail-risk metric, Illiquidity-at-Risk (IlliQaR), designed to quantify the magnitude of extreme liquidity dry-ups. Relying upon the realized Amihud (a precise illiquidity measurement derived from high-frequency data as the ratio of realized volatility to trading volume) we assess the predictive power of various linear and non-linear econometric models, with a specific focus on the impact of discontinuous jump components. Accounting for these jumps is essential for achieving accurate probability coverage and better IlliQaR predictions during periods of systemic stress, where standard continuous models systematically underestimate the severity of liquidity evaporation. Our empirical analysis, encompassing the S&P 500 index and a cross-section of 25 large U.S. equities, demonstrates that incorporating jumps significantly improves forecasts of illiquidity. Our results suggest that individual stock IlliQaR violations often cluster during periods of S&P 500 liquidity stress. This indicates that Illiquidity at Risk is not just a localized concern but a systemic one, where the main index acts as a leading indicator for extreme dry-ups in individual stock liquidity.

Citation extraction

39
references
68
in-text mentions
39
distinct cited
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appendix boundary found by appendix_titled_section at “Supplementary Document” · 72% of the source is main text. Read the extracted text to check this.

Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Lacava, Demetrio and Ranaldo, Angelo and Santucci de Magistris, Paolo (2026) Realized Illiquidity self1.00094100%
2Ranaldo, Angelo and Santucci de Magistris, Paolo (2022) Liquidity in the global currency market1.00054100%
3Yakov Amihud (2002) Illiquidity and stock returns: Cross-section and time-series effects0.92843100%
4Hafner, Christian M and Linton, Oliver B and Wang, Linqi (2023) Dynamic autoregressive liquidity (DArliQ)0.84333100%
5Hafner, Christian M and Linton, Oliver B and Wang, Linqi (2025) The permanent and temporary effects of stock splits on liquidity in a dynamic semiparametric model0.84333100%
6Caporin, Massimiliano and Rossi, Eduardo and Santucci de Magistris,… (2017) Chasing volatility: A persistent multiplicative error model with jumps0.81142100%
7Engle, Robert (2002) New frontiers for ARCH models0.81142100%
8Fulvio Corsi (2009) A Simple Approximate Long-Memory Model of Realized Volatility0.64422100%
9Pástor, L'ubo s and Stambaugh, Robert F (2003) Liquidity risk and expected stock returns0.64422100%
10Chan, Wing H and Maheu, John M (2002) Conditional jump dynamics in stock market returns0.51121100%

Showing the top 10 of 39 scored citations.