Yuhao Deng, Haoyu Wei, Donglin Zeng, Rui Song, Xiao-Hua Zhou
arXiv 23 Aug 2026 · Statistics — Methodology
arXiv:2608.22608 · PDF · Extracted main text
During clinical trials evaluating a drug's effect on a survival endpoint, intermediate events often occur in addition to the primary event. The treatment can exert its effect on the primary endpoint along multiple pathways through intermediate events. Assumptions for identifying mediation effects, such as sequential ignorability in natural effects or the dismissible components condition in separable effects, fail because intermediate events act as treatment-induced confounding. To understand the effect along each pathway, we consider hypothetical interventions in transitions between event statuses to mimic the treatment mechanism. The hypothetical interventions adjust for effects through intermediate events and marginalize over unobserved treatment-induced confounding, if any. Based on the derived efficient influence functions for the counterfactual cumulative incidences under hypothetical interventions, we construct multiply robust and semiparametrically efficient estimators for pathway treatment effects. Our proposed framework enables the examination of treatment effects through each transition, on each event, and along each path. By analyzing data from the LEADER Trial, we find that liraglutide significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular and microvascular events. The reduction in all-cause mortality is primarily mediated by its effects on expanded major adverse cardiovascular events.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zeng \ Lin (2007) `Maximum likelihood estimation in semiparametric regression models with censored data', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society… | 0.644 | 3 | 2 | 67% |
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| 3 | Deng, Wang \ Zhou (2024) `Direct and indirect treatment effects in the presence of semicompeting risks', Biometrics 80(2), ujae032 | 0.644 | 2 | 2 | 100% |
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