Fabian Slonimczyk, Danila Karapsin
arXiv 2 Aug 2026 · Econometrics
arXiv:2608.01544 · PDF · Extracted main text
The CLIP Q-score is a novel, safe, fully reproducible, and computationally efficient method for extracting objective product quality metrics from visual data using contrastive language-image pre-training. We introduce the technique and provide an extensive application to real estate data from an online platform ($\sim500,000$ images). Our open-source metric aligns with LLM assessments and proves to be a powerful predictor of housing market prices for both sales and rentals. We also show that a higher CLIP Q-store is associated with better liquidity (reduced time on the market), especially for properties on sale.
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The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.
| Reference | Intensity | Mentions | Sections | Main text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Radford, Alec and Kim, Jong Wook and Hallacy, Chris and Ramesh, Adit… (2021) Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision | 0.644 | 4 | 1 | 100% |
| 2 | Hessel, Jack and Holtzman, Ari and Forbes, Maxwell and Bras, Ronan L… (2021) CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioning | 0.511 | 2 | 1 | 100% |
| 3 | Ash, Elliott and Durante, Ruben and Grebenschikova, Maria and Schwar… (2021) Visual Representation and Stereotypes in News Media | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 4 | Atil, Berk and Aykent, Sarp and Chittams, Alexa and Fu, Lisheng and… (2025) Non-Determinism of “Deterministic” LLM System Settings in Hosted Environments | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 5 | Deng, Lin (2025) Real Estate Valuation with Multi-Source Image Fusion and Enhanced Machine Learning Pipeline | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 6 | Dzyabura, Daria and El Kihal, Siham and Hauser, John R. and Ibragimo… (2023) Leveraging the Power of Images in Managing Product Return Rates | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 7 | Gorin, Clément and Heblich, Stephan and Zylberberg, Yanos (2025) State of the Art: Economic Development Through the Lens of Paintings | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 8 | Gunko, Maria and Bogacheva, Polina and Medvedev, Andrey and Kashnits… (2018) Path-Dependent Development of Mass Housing in Moscow, Russia | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 9 | Jean, Neal and Burke, Marshall and Xie, Michael and Davis, Matthew a… (2016) Combining Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning to Predict Poverty | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
| 10 | Kostic, Zona and Jevremovic, Aleksandar (2020) What Image Features Boost Housing Market Predictions? | 0.405 | 1 | 1 | 100% |
Showing the top 10 of 19 scored citations.