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Detecting unusual trading patterns on cryptocurrency exchanges by means of complexity measures

Jakub Zwydak, Marcin Wątorek, Jarosław Kwapień, Stanisław Drożdż

arXiv 15 Jul 2026 · Finance — Trading · publishedEntropy (2026)

arXiv:2607.13916 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Artificial transaction generation remains an important source of potential market manipulation on cryptocurrency exchanges, as it may distort reported liquidity and reduce market transparency. This study proposes a diagnostic framework for detecting unusual trading patterns based on complexity and statistical-structure measures derived from high-frequency trade-level data. The analysis considers log-returns, trading volume, and transaction counts, using tail distributions, autocorrelation functions, multifractal characteristics, approximate entropy, and detrended cross-correlations. The methodology is applied to BTC, ETH, and XRP traded on Binance, Bitget, KuCoin, and Kraken over the period from April 1 to June 30, 2025. The results reveal a pronounced anomaly on Bitget for BTC and ETH after mid-May 2025. The number of transactions increases sharply, but there is no proportional increase in traded volume or return fluctuations. This regime is characterised by numerous low-volume trades, weaker autocorrelations, reduced multifractal organisation, higher short-pattern irregularity, and weaker cross-correlations involving the transaction-count series. These features are consistent with a noise-like component in trading activity and may indicate artificially increased transaction counts, although they do not provide direct proof of wash trading. The findings show that complexity-based indicators can be useful for detecting exchange-specific trading anomalies that remain hidden in price-based measures.

Citation extraction

91
references
127
in-text mentions
91
distinct cited
9
self-citations
15,356
main-text words

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1S. Drożdż and J. Kwapień and M. W atorek (2023) What is mature and what is still emerging in the cryptocurrency market?0.92843100%
2Drożdż, Stanisław and Kluszczyński, Robert and Kwapień, Jarosław and… (2025) Multifractality and its sources in the digital currency market self0.81142100%
3Zhi Qiang Jiang and Wen Jie Xie and Wei Xing Zhou and Didier Sornette (2019) Multifractal analysis of financial markets: A review0.81142100%
4Amiram, Dan and Lyandres, Evgeny and Rabetti, Daniel (2025) Trading Volume Manipulation and Competition Among Centralized Crypto Exchanges0.73732100%
5Cong, Lin William and Li, Xi and Tang, Ke and Yang, Yang (2023) Crypto Wash Trading0.73732100%
6Cont, Rama (2001) Empirical properties of asset returns: stylized facts and statistical issues0.73732100%
7Richman, Joshua S. and Moorman, J. Randall (2000) Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy0.73732100%
8M. W atorek and S. Drożdż and J. Kwapień and Ludovico Minati and P.… (2021) Multiscale characteristics of the emerging global cryptocurrency market0.73732100%
9J.-P. Bouchaud (2010) Price impact0.64422100%
10Jialan Chen and Dan Lin and Jiajing Wu (2022) Do cryptocurrency exchanges fake trading volumes? An empirical analysis of wash trading based on data mining0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 91 scored citations.