On-chain Peak Shaving

Irene Aldridge, Gavhar Annaeva, Leyla Beriker, Zhiheng Cai, Samyak Choudhary, Camila Godoy, Kaicheng Gong, Zitao Huang, Jonah Ji, Hetvi Kharvasiya, Heng Li, Yuxuan Li, Tianchi Ma, Qingcheng Meng, Ruiyang Shi, Ananya Shrivastava, Jiaqi Wang, Yifan Wang, Zihua Wu, Jiayang Xu, Yuheng Yan, Zijun Zeng, Bowen Zhang, Francesco Zhang

arXiv 21 Apr 2026 · Econometrics

arXiv:2604.19956 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Blockchain technology is widely expected to reduce transaction costs by automating contract enforcement and eliminating intermediaries; yet, the execution costs imposed by network congestion have received little attention in the operations management literature. We study on-chain peak shaving, the systematic scheduling of Ethereum transactions toward low-congestion windows to reduce gas fee exposure. We use transaction-level data from seven firms across seven industries (N = 62,142 transactions, January-March 2026). Gas fees vary significantly throughout the day: the peak-hour premium at 10 AM Eastern Time reaches USD 0.220 per transaction above the overnight baseline, driven primarily by speculative-arbitrage demand rather than operational activity. Firm-level scheduling responses are heterogeneous and not uniformly disciplined. Only three of seven firms transact disproportionately during off-peak hours; four transact counter-cyclically, concentrated in peak windows due to external deadlines or governance cycles. This heterogeneity is explained by two moderators: transaction deferrability and gas intensity. We formalize these into an On-Chain Scheduling Matrix that maps firms to four regimes: 1) full peak shaving, 2) selective peak shaving, 3) cost provisioning, and 4) accept-market-rate, with regime membership predicting both fee savings and residual cost floors (40-92 percent of actual expenditure). Theoretically, we extend Transaction Cost Economics to account for time-varying execution costs imposed by congestion externalities. In addition to extending Williamson's original cost taxonomy, we introduce a dual classification of gas fees as execution costs in timing but maladaptation costs in origin. The findings reposition on-chain gas-fee management alongside energy procurement and foreign exchange hedging as a domain requiring systematic operational planning.

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