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DeXposure-FM: A Time-series, Graph Foundation Model for Credit Exposures and Stability on Decentralized Financial Networks

Aijie Shu, Wenbin Wu, Gbenga Ibikunle, Fengxiang He

arXiv 3 Feb 2026 · Machine Learning

arXiv:2602.03981 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Credit exposure in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is often implicit and token-mediated, creating a dense web of inter-protocol dependencies. Thus, a shock to one token may result in significant and uncontrolled contagion effects. As the DeFi ecosystem becomes increasingly linked with traditional financial infrastructure through instruments, such as stablecoins, the risk posed by this dynamic demands more powerful quantification tools. We introduce DeXposure-FM, the first time-series, graph foundation model for measuring and forecasting inter-protocol credit exposure on DeFi networks, to the best of our knowledge. Employing a graph-tabular encoder, with pre-trained weight initialization, and multiple task-specific heads, DeXposure-FM is trained on the DeXposure dataset that has 43.7 million data entries, across 4,300+ protocols on 602 blockchains, covering 24,300+ unique tokens. The training is operationalized for credit-exposure forecasting, predicting the joint dynamics of (1) protocol-level flows, and (2) the topology and weights of credit-exposure links. The DeXposure-FM is empirically validated on two machine learning benchmarks; it consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, including a graph foundation model and temporal graph neural networks. DeXposure-FM further produces financial economics tools that support macroprudential monitoring and scenario-based DeFi stress testing, by enabling protocol-level systemic-importance scores, sector-level spillover and concentration measures via a forecast-then-measure pipeline. Empirical verification fully supports our financial economics tools. The model and code have been publicly available. Model: https://huggingface.co/EVIEHub/DeXposure-FM. Code: https://github.com/EVIEHub/DeXposure-FM.

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Jeremy Bertomeu and Xiumin Martin and Ibrahima Sall (2024) Measuring DeFi risk0.84333100%
2Dmitry Eremeev and Gleb Bazhenov and Oleg Platonov and Artem Babenko… (2025) Turning Tabular Foundation Models into Graph Foundation Models0.84333100%
3Auer, Raphael and Faragò, Marco and Turi, Davide (2025) Towards Verifiability of Total Value Locked (TVL) in Decentralized Finance0.73732100%
4European Systemic Risk Board (2025) Crypto-assets and decentralised finance: Report on stablecoins, crypto-investment products and multi-function groups0.73732100%
5Krzysztof Gogol and Christian Killer and Malte Schlosser and Thomas… (2024) SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi) – Fundamentals, Taxonomy and Risks0.73732100%
6Wenbin Wu and Kejiang Qian and Alexis Lui and Christopher Jack and Y… (2025) DeXposure: A Dataset and Benchmarks for Inter-protocol Credit Exposure in Decentralized Financial Networks self0.73732100%
7Battiston, Stefano and Puliga, Michelangelo and Kaushik, Rahul and T… (2012) DebtRank: Too Central to Fail? Financial Networks, the FED and Systemic Risk0.64422100%
8Eisenberg, Larry and Noe, Thomas H (2001) Systemic Risk in Financial Systems0.64422100%
9Kingma, Diederik P. and Ba, Jimmy (2015) Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization0.64422100%
10Thomas N. Kipf and Max Welling (2017) Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 52 scored citations.