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ScoreMatchingRiesz: Score Matching for Debiased Machine Learning and Policy Path Estimation

Masahiro Kato

arXiv 23 Dec 2025 · Econometrics

arXiv:2512.20523 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

We propose ScoreMatchingRiesz, a family of Riesz representer estimators based on score matching. The Riesz representer is a key nuisance component in debiased machine learning, enabling $\sqrt{n}$-consistent and asymptotically efficient estimation of causal and structural targets via Neyman-orthogonal scores. We formulate Riesz representer estimation as a score estimation problem. This perspective stabilizes representer estimation by allowing us to leverage denoising score matching and telescoping density ratio estimation. We also introduce the policy path, a parameter that captures how policy effects evolve under continuous treatments. We show that the policy path can be estimated via score matching by smoothly connecting average marginal effect (AME) and average policy effect (APE) estimation, which improves the interpretability of policy effects.

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Victor Chernozhukov, Whitney K. Newey, Victor Quintas-Martinez, and… (2021) Automatic debiased machine learning via riesz regression, 20210.8947571%
2Victor Chernozhukov, Denis Chetverikov, Mert Demirer, Esther Duflo,… (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters0.8434475%
3Kristy Choi, Chenlin Meng, Yang Song, and Stefano Ermon (2022) Density ratio estimation via infinitesimal classification0.83612658%
4David Bruns-Smith, Oliver Dukes, Avi Feller, and Elizabeth L Ogburn (2025) Augmented balancing weights as linear regression0.8307557%
5B. Rhodes, K. Xu, and M.U. Gutmann (2020) Telescoping density-ratio estimation0.7375260%
6Takafumi Kanamori, Shohei Hido, and Masashi Sugiyama (2009) A least-squares approach to direct importance estimation0.7374350%
7Jiaming Song, Chenlin Meng, and Stefano Ermon (2021) Denoising diffusion implicit models0.7373367%
8Pascal Vincent (2011) A connection between score matching and denoising autoencoders0.7373367%
9Masahiro Kato (2026) Riesz representer fitting under bregman divergence: A unified framework for debiased machine learning, 2026 self0.72713638%
10Kazusato Oko, Shunta Akiyama, and Taiji Suzuki (2023) Diffusion models are minimax optimal distribution estimators0.69312433%

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Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Prediction-Powered Causal Inference by Automatic Debiased Machine Learning and Semi-Supervised Riesz Regression0.40511
2Semi-Supervised Treatment Effect Estimation with Unlabeled Covariates for Prediction-Powered Causal Inference0.00011