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Leave No One Undermined: Policy Targeting with Regret Aversion

Toru Kitagawa, Sokbae Lee, Chen Qiu

arXiv 19 Jun 2025 · Econometrics

arXiv:2506.16430 · PDF · Extracted main text

Abstract

While the importance of personalized policymaking is widely recognized, fully personalized implementation remains rare in practice. We study the problem of policy targeting for a regret-averse planner when training data gives a rich set of observable characteristics while the assignment rules can only depend on its subset. Grounded in decision theory, our regret-averse criterion reflects a planner's concern about regret inequality across the population, which generally leads to a fractional optimal rule due to treatment effect heterogeneity beyond the average treatment effects conditional on the subset characteristics. We propose a debiased empirical risk minimization approach to learn the optimal rule from data. Viewing our debiased criterion as a weighted least squares problem, we establish new upper and lower bounds for the excess risk, indicating a convergence rate of 1/n and asymptotic efficiency in certain cases. We apply our approach to the National JTPA Study and the International Stroke Trial.

Citation extraction

93
references
136
in-text mentions
93
distinct cited
8
self-citations
12,440
main-text words

appendix boundary found by appendix_command · 44% of the source is main text. Read the extracted text to check this.

Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Kitagawa, Toru and Tetenov, Aleksey (2018) Who should be treated? Empirical welfare maximization methods for treatment choice self1.00074100%
2Resnjanskij, Sven and Ruhose, Jens and Wiederhold, Simon and Woessma… (2024) Can mentoring alleviate family disadvantage in adolescence? A field experiment to improve labor market prospects0.87472100%
3Susan Athey and Stefan Wager (2021) Efficient policy learning with observational data0.81142100%
4Atkinson, Anthony B (1970) On the measurement of inequality0.81142100%
5Newey, Whitney K (1994) The asymptotic variance of semiparametric estimators0.7374350%
6Kitagawa, Toru and Lee, Sokbae and Qiu, Chen (2022) Treatment choice with nonlinear regret self0.64422100%
7Manski, Charles F (2022) Patient-centered appraisal of race-free clinical risk assessment0.64422100%
8Michael Kohler (2000) Inequalities for uniform deviations of averages from expectations with applications to nonparametric regression0.5853333%
9Manski, Charles F (2000) Identification problems and decisions under ambiguity: empirical analysis of treatment response and normative analysis of treatm…0.58531100%
10Manski, Charles F (2004) Statistical treatment rules for heterogeneous populations0.58531100%

Showing the top 10 of 93 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Better Measurement or Larger Samples? Data Collection for Policy Learning with Unobserved Heterogeneity0.40511
2Nonparametric Bayesian Policy Learning0.40511