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A Hybrid Framework Combining Autoregression and Common Factors for Matrix Time Series Modeling

Zhiyun Fan, Xiaoyu Zhang, Mingyang Chen, Di Wang

arXiv 7 Mar 2025 · Statistics — Methodology

arXiv:2503.05340 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Matrix-valued time series are increasingly common in economics and finance, but existing approaches such as matrix autoregressive and dynamic matrix factor models often impose restrictive assumptions and fail to capture complex dependencies. We propose a hybrid framework that integrates autoregressive dynamics with a shared low-rank common factor structure, enabling flexible modeling of temporal dependence and cross-sectional correlation while achieving dimension reduction. The model captures dynamic relationships through lagged matrix terms and leverages low-rank structures across predictor and response matrices, with connections between their row and column subspaces established via common latent bases to improve interpretability and efficiency. We develop a computationally efficient gradient-based estimation method and establish theoretical guarantees for statistical consistency and algorithmic convergence. Extensive simulations show robust performance under various data-generating processes, and in an application to multinational macroeconomic data, the model outperforms existing methods in forecasting and reveals meaningful interactions among economic factors and countries. The proposed framework provides a practical, interpretable, and theoretically grounded tool for analyzing high-dimensional matrix time series.

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Chen, R., Xiao, H., and Yang, D (2021) Autoregressive models for matrix-valued time series1.00053100%
2Xiao, H., Han, Y., Chen, R., and Liu, C (2023) Reduced-rank autoregressive models for matrix time series0.8746467%
3Huang, F., Lu, K., Zheng, Y., and Li, G (2025) Supervised factor modeling for high-dimensional linear time series0.73732100%
4Wang, D., Liu, X., and Chen, R (2019) Factor models for matrix-valued high-dimensional time series self0.73732100%
5Wang, D., Zhang, X., Li, G., and Tsay, R (2023) High-dimensional vector autoregression with common response and predictor factors self0.6939533%
6Chen, E. Y., Tsay, R. S., and Chen, R (2020) Constrained factor models for high-dimensional matrix-variate time series0.64422100%
7Lam, C. and Yao, Q (2012) Factor modeling for high-dimensional time series: Inference for the number of factors0.64422100%
8Tu, S., Boczar, R., Simchowitz, M., Soltanolkotabi, M., and Recht, B (2016) Low-rank solutions of linear matrix equations via procrustes flow0.5113233%
9Basu, S. and Michailidis, G (2015) Regularized estimation in sparse high-dimensional time series models0.5112250%
10Wang, L., Zhang, X., and Gu, Q (2017) A Unified Computational and Statistical Framework for Nonconvex Low-rank Matrix Estimation self0.5112250%

Showing the top 10 of 40 scored citations.