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Randomization Inference: Theory and Applications

David M. Ritzwoller, Joseph P. Romano, Azeem M. Shaikh

arXiv 13 Jun 2024 · Econometrics

arXiv:2406.09521 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

We review approaches to statistical inference based on randomization. Permutation tests are treated as an important special case. Under a certain group invariance property, referred to as the “randomization hypothesis,” randomization tests achieve exact control of the Type I error rate in finite samples. Although this unequivocal precision is very appealing, the range of problems that satisfy the randomization hypothesis is somewhat limited. We show that randomization tests are often asymptotically, or approximately, valid and efficient in settings that deviate from the conditions required for finite-sample error control. When randomization tests fail to offer even asymptotic Type 1 error control, their asymptotic validity may be restored by constructing an asymptotically pivotal test statistic. Randomization tests can then provide exact error control for tests of highly structured hypotheses with good performance in a wider class of problems. We give a detailed overview of several prominent applications of randomization tests, including two-sample permutation tests, regression, and conformal inference.

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138
references
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in-text mentions
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distinct cited
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Lehmann, E. L. and Romano, J. P (2022) Testing Statistical Hypotheses self1.00085100%
2Berrett, T. B., Wang, Y., Barber, R. F. and Samworth, R. J (2020) The conditional permutation test for independence while controlling for confounders0.84333100%
3Hoeffding, W (1952) The large-sample power of tests based on permutations of observations0.84333100%
4Kim, I., Balakrishnan, S. and Wasserman, L (2022) Minimax optimality of permutation tests0.73732100%
5Bai, Y., Romano, J. P. and Shaikh, A. M (2022) Inference in experiments with matched pairs self0.69391100%
6Canay, I. A., Romano, J. P. and Shaikh, A. M (2017) Randomization tests under an approximate symmetry assumption self0.69361100%
7Chung, E. and Romano, J. P (2016) Asymptotically valid and exact permutation tests based on two-sample $U$-statistics self0.64422100%
8Lehmann, E. L (1949) Some comments on large sample tests0.64422100%
9Chung, E. and Romano, J. P (2013) Exact and asymptotically robust permutation tests self0.58531100%
10Miller, J. B. and Sanjurjo, A (2018) Surprised by the hot hand fallacy? a truth in the law of small numbers0.58531100%

Showing the top 10 of 138 scored citations.

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3A Primer on the Analysis of Randomized Experiments and a Survey of some Recent Advances0.40511
4R. A. Fisher's Exact Test Revisited0.40511
5Unconditional Randomization Tests for Interference0.40511
6Limitations of Randomization Tests in Finite Samples0.40511