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Total-effect Test May Erroneously Reject So-called "Full" or "Complete" Mediation

Tingxuan Han, Luxi Zhang, Xinshu Zhao, Ke Deng

arXiv 16 Sep 2023 · Econometrics · 1 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2309.08910 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

The procedure for establishing mediation, i.e., determining that an independent variable X affects a dependent variable Y through some mediator M, has been under debate. The classic causal steps require that a "total effect" be significant, now also known as statistically acknowledged. It has been shown that the total-effect test can erroneously reject competitive mediation and is superfluous for establishing complementary mediation. Little is known about the last type, indirect-only mediation, aka "full" or "complete" mediation, in which the indirect (ab) path passes the statistical partition test while the direct-and-remainder (d) path fails. This study 1) provides proof that the total-effect test can erroneously reject indirect-only mediation, including both sub-types, assuming least square estimation (LSE) F-test or Sobel test; 2) provides a simulation to duplicate the mathematical proofs and extend the conclusion to LAD-Z test; 3) provides two real-data examples, one for each sub-type, to illustrate the mathematical conclusion; 4) in view of the mathematical findings, proposes to revisit concepts, theories, and techniques of mediation analysis and other causal dissection analyses, and showcase a more comprehensive alternative, process-and-product analysis (PAPA).

Citation extraction

64
references
179
in-text mentions
64
distinct cited
8
self-citations
10,842
main-text words

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Zhao, X., J. G. Lynch Jr, and Q. Chen (2010) Reconsidering baron and kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis self1.000156100%
2Baron, R. M. and D. A. Kenny (1986) The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerati…1.000125100%
3Hayes, A. F (2009) Beyond baron and kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium1.00065100%
4Kenny, D., D. Kashy, and N. Bolger (1998) Data analysis in social psychology (in d. gilbert, s. fiske, & g. lindzey (eds.). the handbook of social psychology (vol. 1, pp.…1.00064100%
5Zhao, X., Q. Chen, and B. Tong (2011, august) (2011) Does c’test help, anytime?–on communication fallacy of “effect to mediate” self1.00064100%
6Kenny, D. A (2021) Mediation1.00063100%
7MacKinnon, D. P., J. L. Krull, and C. M. Lockwood (2000) Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect1.00054100%
8Rose, B. M., G. N. Holmbeck, R. M. Coakley, and E. A. Franks (2004) Mediator and moderator effects in developmental and behavioral pediatric research1.00054100%
9Jiang, Y., X. Zhao, L. Zhu, J. S. Liu, and K. Deng (2021) Total-effect test is superfluous for establishing complementary mediation0.95531887%
10Wen, Z., L. Chang, K. T. Hau, and H. Liu (2004) Testing and application of the mediating effects0.92844100%

Showing the top 10 of 64 scored citations.