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Testing for the appropriate level of clustering in linear regression models

James G. MacKinnon, Morten Ørregaard Nielsen, Matthew D. Webb

arXiv 11 Jan 2023 · Econometrics · publishedJournal of Econometrics (2023) · 30 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2301.04522 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

The overwhelming majority of empirical research that uses cluster-robust inference assumes that the clustering structure is known, even though there are often several possible ways in which a dataset could be clustered. We propose two tests for the correct level of clustering in regression models. One test focuses on inference about a single coefficient, and the other on inference about two or more coefficients. We provide both asymptotic and wild bootstrap implementations. The proposed tests work for a null hypothesis of either no clustering or “fine” clustering against alternatives of “coarser” clustering. We also propose a sequential testing procedure to determine the appropriate level of clustering. Simulations suggest that the bootstrap tests perform very well under the null hypothesis and can have excellent power. An empirical example suggests that using the tests leads to sensible inferences.

Citation extraction

52
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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Cai, Y (2022) A modified randomization test for the level of clustering1.00063100%
2Ibragimov, R. and U. K. Müller (2016) Inference with few heterogeneous clusters1.00053100%
3Djogbenou, A. A., J. G. Mac\-Kinnon, and M. . Nielsen (2019) Asymptotic theory and wild bootstrap inference with clustered errors0.96510690%
4Mac\-Kinnon, J. G., M. . Nielsen, and M. D. Webb (2023) Fast and reliable jackknife and bootstrap methods for cluster-robust inference self0.92843100%
5Mac\-Kinnon, J. G. and M. D. Webb (2017) Wild bootstrap inference for wildly different cluster sizes0.92843100%
6Mac\-Kinnon, J. G., M. . Nielsen, and M. D. Webb (2023) Cluster-robust inference: A guide to empirical practice self0.84333100%
7Mac\-Kinnon, J. G. and M. D. Webb (2018) The wild bootstrap for few (treated) clusters0.84333100%
8Cameron, A. C., J. B. Gelbach, and D. L. Miller (2008) Bootstrap-based improvements for inference with clustered errors0.73732100%
9Bertrand, M., E. Duflo, and S. Mullainathan (2004) How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates?0.64422100%
10de Chaisemartin, C. and J. Ramirez-Cuellar (2022) At what level should one cluster standard errors in paired experiments, and in stratified experiments with small strata?0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 52 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1A Modified Randomization Test for the Level of Clustering1.00083
2Cluster-Robust Inference: A Guide to Empirical Practice0.73732
3When Can We Trust Cluster-Robust Inference?0.73732
4Leverage, Influence, and the Jackknife in Clustered Regression Models: Reliable Inference Using summclust0.64422
51 Panel Data with Unknown Clusters0.51121
6Algorithmic Subsampling under Multiway Clustering0.40511
7Difference-in-Differences with Unpoolable Data0.40511
8Jackknife Inference with Two0.04167em–0.08333em Way Clustering0.40511
9Inference in Difference-in-Differences with Few Treated Units and Spatial Correlation0.00011