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Robust and Agnostic Learning of Conditional Distributional Treatment Effects

Nathan Kallus, Miruna Oprescu

arXiv 23 May 2022 · Statistics — Machine Learning · 1 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2205.11486 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

The conditional average treatment effect (CATE) is the best measure of individual causal effects given baseline covariates. However, the CATE only captures the (conditional) average, and can overlook risks and tail events, which are important to treatment choice. In aggregate analyses, this is usually addressed by measuring the distributional treatment effect (DTE), such as differences in quantiles or tail expectations between treatment groups. Hypothetically, one can similarly fit conditional quantile regressions in each treatment group and take their difference, but this would not be robust to misspecification or provide agnostic best-in-class predictions. We provide a new robust and model-agnostic methodology for learning the conditional DTE (CDTE) for a class of problems that includes conditional quantile treatment effects, conditional super-quantile treatment effects, and conditional treatment effects on coherent risk measures given by $f$-divergences. Our method is based on constructing a special pseudo-outcome and regressing it on covariates using any regression learner. Our method is model-agnostic in that it can provide the best projection of CDTE onto the regression model class. Our method is robust in that even if we learn these nuisances nonparametrically at very slow rates, we can still learn CDTEs at rates that depend on the class complexity and even conduct inferences on linear projections of CDTEs. We investigate the behavior of our proposal in simulations, as well as in a case study of 401(k) eligibility effects on wealth.

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Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1E. H. Kennedy (2020) Optimal doubly robust estimation of heterogeneous causal effects0.9619689%
2A. Belloni, V. Chernozhukov, I. Fernández-Val, and C. Hansen (2017) Program evaluation and causal inference with high-dimensional data0.84333100%
3S. Firpo (2007) Efficient semiparametric estimation of quantile treatment effects0.84333100%
4S. R. Künzel, J. S. Sekhon, P. J. Bickel, and B. Yu (2019) Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning0.84333100%
5N. Kallus, X. Mao, and M. Uehara (2019) Localized debiased machine learning: Efficient inference on quantile treatment effects and beyond0.84333100%
6N. Meinshausen and G. Ridgeway (2006) Quantile regression forests0.7373367%
7V. Chernozhukov, D. Chetverikov, M. Demirer, E. Duflo, C. Hansen, W.… (2018) Double/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters, 20180.73732100%
8C. Ai and X. Chen (2003) Efficient estimation of models with conditional moment restrictions containing unknown functions0.64422100%
9S. Wager and S. Athey (2018) Estimation and inference of heterogeneous treatment effects using random forests0.64422100%
10H. Ichimura and W. K. Newey (2022) The influence function of semiparametric estimators0.64422100%

Showing the top 10 of 65 scored citations.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1Estimating Distributional Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments: Machine Learning for Variance Reduction0.40511
2On Efficient Estimation of Distributional Treatment Effects under Covariate-Adaptive Randomization0.40511
3Beyond the Average: Distributional Causal Inference under Imperfect Compliance0.40511