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When Will Arctic Sea Ice Disappear? Projections of Area, Extent, Thickness, and Volume

Francis X. Diebold, Glenn D. Rudebusch, Maximilian Goebel, Philippe Goulet Coulombe, Boyuan Zhang

arXiv 8 Mar 2022 · Econometrics · publishedJournal of Econometrics (2023) · 24 citations (OpenAlex)

arXiv:2203.04040 · PDF · DOI · OpenAlex · Extracted main text

Abstract

Rapidly diminishing Arctic summer sea ice is a strong signal of the pace of global climate change. We provide point, interval, and density forecasts for four measures of Arctic sea ice: area, extent, thickness, and volume. Importantly, we enforce the joint constraint that these measures must simultaneously arrive at an ice-free Arctic. We apply this constrained joint forecast procedure to models relating sea ice to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and models relating sea ice directly to time. The resulting "carbon-trend" and "time-trend" projections are mutually consistent and predict a nearly ice-free summer Arctic Ocean by the mid-2030s with an 80% probability. Moreover, the carbon-trend projections show that global adoption of a lower carbon path would likely delay the arrival of a seasonally ice-free Arctic by only a few years.

Citation extraction

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appendix boundary found by appendix_command · 91% of the source is main text. Read the extracted text to check this.

Most heavily cited references

The works this paper leans on most, across its whole bibliography — not restricted to papers in our corpus. Ranked by composite intensity, which combines how often a work is mentioned, how many sections mention it, and how much of that falls in the main text rather than the appendix.

ReferenceIntensityMentionsSectionsMain text
1Diebold and Rudebusch (2022) Probability Assessments of an Ice-Free Arctic: Comparing Statistical and Climate Model Projections, Journal of Econometrics\/, 2…1.00063100%
2Notz and Stroeve (2016) Observed Arctic Sea-Ice Loss Directly Follows Anthropogenic CO2 Emission, Science\/, 354, 747–7500.87452100%
3Notz and SIMIP (2020) Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6, Geophysical Research Letters\/, 470.84333100%
SeaIceBookCh5unmatched citation key SeaIceBookCh50.73732100%
5Stroeve, Serreze, Holland, Kay, Malanik, and Barrett (2012) The Arctic's Rapidly Shrinking Sea Ice Cover: A Research Synthesis, Climatic Change\/, 110, 1005–10270.73732100%
6Stroeve and Notz (2018) Changing State of Arctic Sea Ice Across All Seasons, Environmental Research Letters\/, 13, 1030010.64422100%
7Rogelj, Trewin, Haustein, Canadell, Szopa, Milinski, Marotzke, and Z… (2021) Summary for Policymakers of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - Data for Figure SPM.10 (v2021…0.5113233%
8Allan, Hawkins, Ballouin, and Collins (2022) IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers, In Masson-Delmotte, V., P0.5112250%
9Miller and Nam (2020) Dating Hiatuses: A Statistical Model of the Recent Slowdown in Global Warming and the Next One, Earth System Dynamics\/, 11, 112…0.51121100%
10Raupach (2013) The Exponential Eigenmodes of the Carbon-Climate System, and their Implications for Ratios of Responses to Forcings, Earth Syste…0.51121100%

Showing the top 10 of 53 scored citations. 1 of these could not be matched to a bibliography entry, so only the citation key is shown.

Cited by, within the corpus

arXiv econ.EM papers that cite this one, ranked by how heavily they lean on it.

Citing paperIntensityMentionsSections
1On changepoint detection in functional data using empirical energy distance0.40511